头发维基百科帖子汇总——脱发、植发、非那、米诺等

好头发翻译小组

1.头发维基百科——脱发
帖子地址：http://bbs.haotoufa.com/thread-124933-1-1.html
2.头发维基百科——非那雄胺
帖子地址：http://bbs.haotoufa.com/thread-125321-1-1.html
3.头发维基百科------植发
帖子地址：http://bbs.haotoufa.com/thread-125195-1-1.html
4.头发维基百科-------米诺
帖子地址：http://bbs.haotoufa.com/thread-125533-1-1.html

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地址：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_loss
Hair loss（脱发）

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Hair loss, also known as alopecia or baldness, is a loss of hair from the head or body.[1]Baldness can refer to general hair loss or male pattern hair loss. Some types of hair loss can be caused by alopecia areata, an autoimmune disorder. The extreme forms of alopecia areata are alopecia totalis, which involves the loss of all head hair, and alopecia universalis, which involves the loss of all hair from the head and the body.
脱发，我们也可以称之为秃头，是指从头顶或者从身体的某个部位掉毛发。秃顶可以分为基因导致的脱发或者是雄性激素引起的脱发。其中一部分的脱发是由于斑秃或者是自身免疫系统紊乱导致的。斑秃最为极端的形式分为全秃，它指的是所有头发都会掉光；还有普秃，它指的是头发还有身体上的毛发都会脱落。

Hair loss and hypotrichosis can have many causes, including fungal infection（真菌）, traumatic damage（外伤）, such as by compulsive pulling (trichotillomania), as a result of radiotherapy or chemotherapy, and as a result of nutritional deficiencies such as iron deficiency.[2]
脱发或者少发可能由很多原因而引起的，这里面主要包括真菌感染，外部损伤，例如是由过多的拔除毛发（拔毛发癖），或者是由放射治疗或者化疗引起的，以及是由于缺少某种必要的化学元素例如铁元素而引起的。

1.Terminology   术语

Baldness is the partial or complete lack of hair growth, and part of the wider topic of "hair thinning". The degree and pattern of baldness varies, but its most common cause isandrogenic alopecia, alopecia androgenetica, or alopecia seborrheica, with the last term primarily used in Europe.[citation needed]
  秃顶指的是部分或者是全部的头发都停止生长，更广泛的可以也可以包括头发细，弱，黄这些情况。秃顶的严重程度以及引起的原因可以分为很多种,其中最常见的是地中海型脱发，雄性激素脱发，以及溢脂性脱发，其中溢脂性脱发主要是在欧洲比较普遍。

2.Signs and symptoms   特征和症状

Symptoms of hair loss include hair loss in patches usually in circular patterns, dandruff, skin lesions, and scarring. Alopecia areata (mild - medium level) usually shows in unusual hair loss areas e.g. eyebrows, backside of the head or above the ears where usually the male pattern baldness does not affect. In male-pattern hair loss, loss and thinning begin at the temples and the crown and either thins out or falls out. Female-pattern hair loss occurs at the frontal and parietal.
脱发的症状主要包括周期性的局部脱发，头皮屑增多，头皮损伤，还有伤疤。斑秃（早期—中期）通常是在眉毛，后枕部或者是在头的两侧这些本不容易掉头发的地方狂掉头发。雄性激素导致的脱发，首先是前额的两侧，头顶部分的头发脱落，变细，最终这两个部位的头发要么变软变细，要么就脱落光了。女性激素导致的脱发通常发生在前额以及头顶上。

People have between 100,000 and 150,000 hairs on their head. The number of strands normally lost in a day varies, but on average is 100.[3] In order to maintain a normal volume, hair must be replaced at the same rate at which it is lost. The first signs of hair thinning that people will often notice are more hairs than usual left in the hairbrush after brushing or in the basin after shampooing. Styling can also reveal areas of thinning, such as a wider parting or a thinning crown.[citation needed]
正常人通常有10~15万根头发。一天当中人们掉的头发的量也是变动的，但是平均每天掉的头发是100根。为了维持正常的发量，头发必须每天以相同的增长速率来补上。头发变少最明显的特征是当你梳头或者洗头的时候发现梳子上以及水池里面的头发明显比以往多了。发型也能够现行出某个部位头发的稀少，例如一个两侧或者头顶头发的稀疏。

3.Skin conditions   头皮环境

A substantially blemished face, back and limbs could point to cystic acne. The most severe form of the condition, cystic acne arises from the same hormonal imbalances that cause hair loss, and is associated with dihydrotestosterone[clarification needed] production.[4]Seborrheic dermatitis, a condition in which an excessive amount of sebum is produced and builds up on the scalp (looking like an adult cradle cap) is also a symptom of hormonal imbalances, as is an excessively oily or dry scalp. Both can cause hair thinning.
基本上 脸上，背部，以及四肢有大量的油性痘痘能够暗示囊性座疮。那对于头发来说是一种极其恶劣的生长环境，囊性座疮是由于激素分泌紊乱引起的，它能够导致脱发，并且和二氢睾酮的分泌量息息相关。溢脂性皮炎，这是一种头皮产生了过量的皮脂的状况（就像一个成年人戴了一顶帽子一样），也是激素分泌紊乱的一种症状。因为头皮过油或者过于干燥都能够导致头发脱落。

4.Psychological   心理上的影响

Hair thinning and baldness cause psychological stress due to their effect on appearance. Although societal interest in appearance has a long history, this particular branch of psychology came into its own during the 1960s and has gained momentum as messages associating physical attractiveness with success and happiness grow more prevalent.[5]
由于影响外观，头发稀少和秃顶会给人们心理上造成压力。长期以来尽管社会对人们的外生了兴趣，这种心理状态在1960s开始显得尤为明显，并且将人们外在的魅力和成功，快乐联系起来的这种说法也成为了一种常态。

The psychology of hair thinning is a complex issue. Hair is considered an essential part of overall identity: especially for women, for whom it often represents femininity and attractiveness. Men typically associate a full head of hair with youth and vigor. Although they may be aware of pattern baldness in their family, many are uncomfortable talking about the issue. Hair thinning is therefore a sensitive issue for both sexes. For sufferers, it can represent a loss of control and feelings of isolation. People experiencing hair thinning often find themselves in a situation where their physical appearance is at odds with their own self-image and commonly worry that they appear older than they are or less attractive to others. Psychological problems due to baldness, if present, are typically most severe at the onset of symptoms.[6]
脱发人们的心理状态是复杂的。拥有正常的头发被认为是理所当然的：对女性朋友来讲更是如此，因为对她们来说头发经常代表有女人味，魅力等。男人们经常将一满头头发和年轻，具有活力联系起来。尽管他们可能意识到他们有族遗传史，但是很多人还是接受不了自己脱发的事实。因此脱发不管是对男性还是对女性来说都是一个极其敏感的话题。对很多患者来说，它能导致患者的情绪失控，和情感的孤立。经历脱发的人经常发现他们的外貌和自己预想的极度不一致，并且普遍担心自己的相貌要比真实的情况要老许多，并且对其他人没吸引力。这些心理问题是由于脱发而引起的，如果你要是谈论他们头发的话这种心理问题将会显得最为严重。

Hair loss induced by cancer chemotherapy has been reported to cause changes in self-concept and body image. Body image does not return to the previous state after regrowth of hair for a majority of patients. In such cases, patients have difficulties expressing their feelings (alexithymia) and may be more prone to avoiding family conflicts. Family therapy can help families to cope with these psychological problems if they arise.[7]
由于癌症化疗导致的脱发已经被证实会对自我形象方面的看法产生改变。对大部分病人来说，在他们头发重新长起来之后他们的身体形象并没有回到以前的状态。在这些案例中，病人很难将他们的情绪表达出来（述情障碍），在这种情形下他们更加倾向于避免引发家庭矛盾。采用家庭的疏导能够帮助这些家庭成员克服这些心理问题。

好头发翻译小组

Causes  原因
Although not completely understood,[citation needed] hair loss can have many causes:
尽管脱发的机理并没有完全弄清楚，但是脱发的原因是多种多样的。

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5.Male pattern baldness
雄性脱发

More than 95% of hair loss in men is male pattern baldness (MPB).[8] MPB is characterized by hair receding from the lateral sides of the forehead (known as a "receding hairline") and/or a thinning crown (balding to the area known as the ‘vertex’).[9] Both become more pronounced until they eventually meet, leaving a horseshoe-shaped ring of hair around the back of the head.
超过95%的男性脱发基本上都是雄性脱发，英文简称是MPB。雄性脱发一般以发际线的后退和/或头顶的头发变秃为象征。当发际线不断后退和头顶头发不断秃掉不断发展最终“相遇”的时候，雄性脱发就完全显现出来，留下两鬓和后枕的头发形成一个U型区。

The incidence of pattern baldness varies from population to population and is based on genetic background. Environmental factors do not seem to affect this type of baldness greatly. One large scale study in Maryborough, Victoria, Australia showed the prevalence of mid-frontal baldness increases with age and affects 73.5 percent of men and 57 percent of women aged 80 and over. A rough rule of thumb is that the incidence of baldness in males corresponds roughly to chronological age. For example, according to Medem Medical Library's website, MPB affects roughly 40 million men in the United States. Approximately one in four men will have noticeable hair loss by age 30, and this figure increases to two in three men by age 60. In rare cases, MPB can begin as early as age 12.[10]
雄性脱发的实例根据不同人群有着不同的变化，这种多样性基于遗传背景的不同。而环境因素看起来对雄性脱发的特征没有什么影响。在澳大利亚马里伯勒和维多利亚的一次大规模调查显示，中前额的脱发随着年龄的增长不断发展并愈加严重，影响了调研中73.5%的男性和57%的80岁及以上的女性。经验显示，雄性脱发的发病率大致对应于年龄。根据现代医学图书馆网站的数据，男性脱发大概影响着接近4000万的美国男性，其中约有四分之一的男性在30岁时候就能明显看到雄性脱发的特征，而接近三分之二的男性在60岁脱发特征明显。在一些极端情况下，雄性脱发从12岁就开始逐步发展。

The genetics of MPB are not yet fully understood. Most likely there are multiple genes that contribute towards MPB, the most important of which appears to be the Androgen Receptor gene, located on the X chromosome (inherited from the mother). It was previously believed that baldness was inherited from the maternal grandfather. While there is some basis for this belief, it is now known that both parents contribute to their offspring's likelihood of hair loss. Most likely, inheritance involves many genes with variablepenetrance.[medical citation needed]
关于雄性脱发的遗传因素的讨论仍在继续。大多数论证认为多基因会引致雄性脱发，而其中最为重要的的是雄激素受体基因，该基因位于X性染色体（对于男性来说遗传自母亲）。因此之前有人认为雄性脱发遗传自外公（因为母亲体内的X性染色体一条来自外公）。尽管这一论断有一定基础，目前很多研究表明父母双方对于后代是否遗传雄性脱发都有一定的影响。最有可能的是，遗传也涉及着许多基因的可变性。

The trigger for this type of baldness is dihydrotestosterone, a more potent form of testosterone often referred to by its acronym DHT. DHT is an androgenic hormone, body- and facial-hair growth promoter that can adversely affect the prostate as well as the hair located on the head.[11] The mechanism by which DHT accomplishes this is not yet fully understood. In genetically prone scalps (i.e., those experiencing male or female pattern baldness), DHT initiates a process of follicular miniaturization, in which the hair follicle begins to deteriorate. As a consequence, the hair’s growth phase (anagen) is shortened, and young, unpigmented vellus hair is prevented from growing and maturing into the deeply rooted and pigmented terminal hair that makes up 90 percent of the hair on the head.[12] In time, hair becomes thinner, and its overall volume is reduced so that it resembles fragile vellus hair or "peach fuzz" until, finally, the follicle goes dormant and ceases producing hair completely.
引发这种类型雄性脱发的主要因素是双氢睾酮，是睾酮的一种更强有效的形式，简称为DHT。双氢睾酮是一种雄性激素，对身体和面部毛发的生产有促进作用，但同时却对前列腺和头发有着不利的影响。对于双氢睾酮的这一作用机制，目前的了解还不是非常的完善。
在遗传了雄性或女性脱发患者的头皮上，双氢睾酮导致了毛囊不断缩小，从而引致毛囊质量不断变差。最终影响了头发的生长周期，使得很多头发的生长期缩短，许多未成熟的头发的生长过程被阻断，无法生长为正常且应当占头发量90%的根深蒂固的毛发。同时，那些无法继续生长的头发，不断变细，体积不断缩小，进而演化成细小的绒毛。最终这些毛囊进入休眠状态，头发停止生长，形成了脱发。

6.Nutrition
营养

Studies have shown that poor nutrition, limited food intake, and deficiencies in certain nutrients can cause thinning. These include deficiencies of biotin, protein, zinc and poorhuman iron metabolism, although complete baldness is not usually seen. A diet high in animal fats (often found in fast food) and vitamin A is also thought to lead to hair loss.
研究表明，营养不良以及摄入特定营养素过少会导致毛发变细。包括生物素、蛋白质、锌元素和铁代谢的不足。尽管很少见到完全秃顶的人，但营养素的摄取仍是非常重要的。同时，饮食过量的动物脂肪（快餐中含有较多）及维他命A也会导致脱发。

•        Hypervitaminosis A
•        维生素A过多症
•        Iron deficiency or malnutrition in general
•        缺铁或者营养不良

7.Infection
传染病

•        Dissecting cellulitis
•        头皮层间蜂窝织炎
•        Fungal infections (such as tinea capitis)
•        真菌感染（如头癣）
•        Folliculitis
•        毛囊炎
•        Secondary syphilis[13]
•        二期梅毒
•        Demodex folliculorum, a microscopic mite that feeds on the sebum produced by thesebaceous glands, denies hair essential nutrients and can cause thinning. Demodex folliculorum is not present on every scalp and is more likely to live in an excessively oily scalp environment.
•        毛囊蠕形螨，一种微观食用由皮脂腺产生皮脂的螨，其会阻断毛发必需的营养物质，因而导致头发变薄。毛囊蠕形螨不存在于头皮的每个位置，而更可能住处在过分油性的头皮环境。

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好头发翻译小组

逢场作戏 发表于 2015-9-29 19:38
翻译这么长！真是辛苦您了。  我大体看下来学术味道太重，  没什么实用性啊 翻译大兄弟 ...

是的，先放在论坛，我们好头发的宗旨就是用专业知识服务发友，之后有出书的打算， 这些内容会参考的，但是会转化成发友们容易接受的语言。

好头发翻译小组

整不了你 发表于 2015-10-9 15:18
男性脱发大概影响着接近40万的美国男性，其中约有四分之一的男性在30岁时候就能明显看到雄性脱发的特征，而 ...

谢谢，已修改。

整不了你

男性脱发大概影响着接近40万的美国男性，其中约有四分之一的男性在30岁时候就能明显看到雄性脱发的特征，而接近三分之二的男性在60岁脱发特征明显。在一些极端情况下，雄性脱发从12岁就开始逐步发展。

这里应该是4000万

逢场作戏

翻译这么长！真是辛苦您了。  我大体看下来学术味道太重，  没什么实用性啊 翻译大兄弟

麦当劳发来贺电

很全面

好头发翻译小组

17.Embracing baldness
勇敢承认脱发

Instead of concealing hair loss, some may embrace it by shaving their head. A shaved head will grow stubble in the same manner and at the same rate as a shaved face. The general public has become accepting of the shaved head as well, though female baldness can be considered less socially acceptable in various parts of the world.
一些脱发者不再逃避脱发，相反，他们都留个大光头。理过的头发会以和刮过的脸上毛发生长的速度和方式生长。普通民众也接受了光头现象的出现，不过，一些地区对于对于女性脱发还是保留着较低的社会接受力。

18.Alternative medicine
其他治疗方式
Dietary supplements are not typically recommended.[28] There is only one small trial of saw palmettowhich shows tentative benefit in those with mild to moderate androgenetic alopecia.[28] There is no evidence for biotin.[28] Evidence for most other produces is also insufficient.[32] There was no good evidence for gingko, aloe vera, ginseng, bergamot,hibiscus, or sorphora as of 2011.[32]
Many people use unproven treatments.[27] Egg oil, in Indian,[33] Japanese, Unani (Roghan Baiza Murgh)[34] and Chinese[35] traditional medicine, was traditionally used as a treatment for hairloss.
食物疗法不是特别的值得推荐，临床实验证明只有塞润榈这种植物对轻微雄脱转至中度雄脱时，有一些作用。没有任何证据表明维生素会对脱发有积极作用。对于其他的一些物品，也没有充足的证据证明对脱发有足够的疗效。这些物品包括银杏，芦荟，高丽参，佛手柑，芙蓉花，槐属等。
很多人也接受过未经证实的疗法，这些疗法都是传统治疗脱发的方法。比如说用在日本和印度用蛋黄油，尤娜亚疗法以及中国的中医等。

19.Research
针对脱发的研究
Research is looking into connections between hair loss and other health issues. While there has been speculation about a connection between early-onset male pattern hair loss and heart disease, a review of articles from 1954 to 1999 found no conclusive connection between baldness and coronary artery diseaseThe dermatologists who conducted the review suggested further study was needed.[36]
Environmental factors are under review. A 2007 study indicated that smoking may be a factor associated with age-related hair loss among Asian men. The study controlled for age and family history, and found statistically significant positive associations between moderate or severe male pattern hairloss and smoking status.[37]
Vertex baldness is associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) and the relationship depends upon the severity of baldness, while frontal baldness is not. Thus, vertex baldness might be a marker of CHD and is more closely associated with atherosclerosis than frontal baldness.[38]
关于脱发和其他疾病关系的研究一直在持续中，有一段时间，研究者有这样的猜测，认为早发型脱发与心脏疾病有着一定的关系，然而对1954-1999年的文章进行研究发现，发现脱发与冠状动脉疾病并没有明显的线性关系。对这些文章进行研究的皮肤科医生介绍，判定在、两者之间的关系还需要更多的证据。
关于环境因素对脱发的影响也一直在进行研究。一项2007年的研究表明针对亚洲男性的年龄相关的脱发而言，抽烟也许是一个相关的诱因。这个研究以年龄和家庭作为因变量。统计发现脱发与抽烟有着明显的正相关关系。
头顶脱发与冠心病的患病率有着很大关联，头顶脱发越严重，冠心病发的概率越大，前额脱发和冠心病的关系却不显著。所以，头顶脱发相对于前额脱发而言，不但是冠心病的一个标记，而且与动脉粥样硬化有着很大的关系。

20.Etymology（语源学介绍）
关于脱发的语源学介绍

The term alopecia (/ˌæləˈpiːʃiə/) is from the Classical Greek ἀλώπηξ, alōpēx, meaning "fox". The origin of this usage is because this animal sheds its coat twice a year, or because in ancient Greece foxes often lost hair because of mange.
The term bald likely derives from the English word balde, which means "white, pale" orCeltic ball, which means "white patch or blaze", such as on a horse's head.[39]
秃头症alopecia这个词发源于古希腊语alōpēx,，意思为狐狸，这个词根的用法来源于狐狸这种动物每年褪两次毛，也许是来源于古希腊的狐狸容易患家畜疥，易脱发。
秃头bald这个词语来源于英语的单词balde，balde的意思是白色、灰白色、凯尔特人的球，意思也指白色的块状物，就像马的头部一样。

好头发翻译小组

Management
治疗

14.Medications
       药物治疗

Treatments for the various forms of hair loss have limited success. Three medications have evidence to support their use in male pattern hair loss: finasteride, dutasteride andminoxidil.[27][28] They typically work better to prevent further hair loss than to regrow lost hair.[27]
治疗脱发的方法各种各样，但有效的很少。到目前为止，只有三种药物治疗对脱发有效：非那雄胺、度他雄胺和米诺地尔。它们主要效果是抑制脱发，其次是生发。

•        Minoxidil (Rogaine) is a nonprescription medication approved for male pattern baldness and alopecia areata. In a liquid or foam, it is rubbed into the scalp twice a day. Some people have an allergic reaction to the propylene glycol in the minoxidil solution and a minoxidil foam was developed without propylene glycol. Not all users will regrow hair. The longer the hair has stopped growing, the less likely minoxidil will regrow hair. Minoxidil is not effective for other causes of hair loss. Hair regrowth can take 1 to 6 months to begin. Treatment must be continued indefinitely. If the treatment is stopped, hair loss resumes. Any regrown hair and any hair susceptible to being lost, while Minoxidil was used, will be lost. Most frequent side effects are mild scalp irritation, allergic contact dermatitis, and unwanted hair in other parts of the body.[28]
•        米诺地尔（落健）是一种非处方药，证明对男性脱发和斑秃有效。在脱发的头皮地方每天涂抹两次，这药是液体或泡沫状的。由于有些人对米诺地尔溶液中的丙二醇产生过敏反应，因而开发出了一种不含丙二醇的泡沫状米诺地尔。临床证明：脱发的时间越长，越难长出新的头发来，而且米诺地尔对于由于其他原因造成的脱发没有效果。一般来说，该药要在1到6个月之后见到效果。患者一定要坚持治疗，如果治疗中途停止的话，会重新出现脱发现象。即使你之前用过米诺地尔，那些新长出的头发和本来要掉的头发都迟早会掉。该药最主要的副反应有：头皮有轻微的过敏和过敏性接触性皮炎，也可能在没有涂药的地方也有这样的过敏反应。

•        Finasteride (Propecia) is used in male-pattern hair loss in a pill form, taken 1 milligram per day. It is not indicated for women and is not recommended in pregnant women. Treatment is effective starting within 6 weeks of treatment. Finasteride causes an increase in hair retention, the weight of hair, and some increase in regrowth. Side effects in about 2% of males, include decreased sex drive, erectile dysfunction, and ejaculatory dysfunction. Treatment should be continued as long as positive results occur. Once treatment is stopped, hair loss resumes.[28]
•        非那雄胺（保法止）：针对男性脱发的药片，一天吃一粒。对于女性以及怀孕期的女性不推荐。该药在治疗6周之后会有效果。非那雄胺会导致停止脱发、头发变粗以及重新长出新的头发。有2%的男性出现了副反应：性欲下降、勃起功能障碍和射精功能障碍。采用该药物治疗一定要坚持。否则，一旦停止，会重新开始脱发。

•        Corticosteroids injections of into the scalp can be used to treat alopecia areata. This type of treatment is repeated on a monthly basis. Oral pills for extensive hair loss may be used for alopecia areata. Results may take up to a month to be seen.
•        通过将皮质类固醇注入到头皮中来治疗斑秃。这种治疗方法是每个月注射一次。其实针对大面积脱发的口服药片也是可以治疗斑秃的。该注射药物的治疗手段要在一个月之后见效。

•        Immunosuppressants applied to the scalp have been shown to temporarily reverse alopecia areata, though the side effects of some of these drugs make such therapy questionable.[29]
•        免疫抑制剂也是一种可以短时间来缓解斑秃的状况的药物，但同样有一定的副作用。

•        There is some tentative evidence that anthralin maybe useful alopecia areata.[30]
•        Hormonal modulators (oral contraceptives or antiandrogens such as spironolactone andflutamide) can be used for female-pattern hair loss associated with hyperandrogenemia.
•        调节荷尔蒙分泌的药物（口服避孕药或是抗雄性激素，如：安体舒通和氟他米特）可以用来治疗女性中由于雄性激素过多导致的脱发。

15.Surgery
手术治疗
Hair transplantation is usually carried out under local anaesthetic. A surgeon will move healthy hair from the back and sides of the head to areas of thinning. The procedure can take between four and eight hours, and additional sessions can be carried out to make hair even thicker. Transplanted hair falls out within a few weeks, but regrows permanently within months. Hair transplants, takes tiny plugs of skin, each which contains a few hairs, and implants the plugs into bald sections. The plugs are generally taken from the back or sides of the scalp. Several transplant sessions may be necessary.[31]
植发手术一般是局部麻醉，将后面和两侧的头发移植到脱发的头皮上。该手术过程一般持续4到8个小时，后续还有疗程，这样会导致头发更密。头发在移植之后的一个星期内会掉光，但是几个月之内长成不会脱落的头发。头发移植手术是从有毛囊的头皮取出毛囊，然后移植到脱发的头皮区域，一般来说是用后面或是两侧的地方取毛囊。一般来说移植头发的疗程要份几个阶段。

•        Surgical options, such as follicle transplants, scalp flaps, and hair loss reduction, are available. These procedures are generally chosen by those who are self-conscious about their hair loss, but they are expensive and painful, with a risk of infection and scarring. Once surgery has occurred, six to eight months are needed before the quality of new hair can be assessed.
•        手术的有效方法主要有三种，例如：毛囊移植，头皮移植和减少脱发。这些治疗方案一般是针对那些自己感觉脱发的人来讲的，但是很贵，很疼，并有可能会感染和留疤。手术治疗之后，一般来说要到6到8个月才能看到效果。

•        Scalp reduction is the process is the decreasing of the area of bald skin on the head. In time, the skin on the head becomes flexible and stretched enough that some of it can be surgically removed. After the hairless scalp is removed, the space is closed with hair-covered scalp. Scalp reduction is generally done in combination with hair transplantation to provide a natural-looking hairline, especially those with extensive hair loss.
•        头皮移植手术目的是将头部脱发的头皮减少。该手术可以根据需要进行头皮的移植。做法是：将没有头发的头皮先移出，之后将带头发的头皮填补上。通常来说，要结合发际线来移植头皮。这种做法对于那些大面积脱发的患者来说特别适合。

•        Hairline lowering can sometimes be used to lower a high hairline secondary to hair loss, although there may be a visible scar after further hair loss.
•        调整发际线是针对那些发际线高的患者来讲的，通过将发际线前移来掩盖脱发。但是，当脱发进一步严重，会看到明显的伤疤。

•        Wigs are an alternative to medical and surgical treatment; some patients wear a wig or hairpiece. They can be used permanently or temporarily to cover the hair loss. High-quality, natural-looking wigs and hairpieces are available.
•        戴假发也是除了药物治疗和手术治疗之外的一种办法。他们可以选择长时间或是短期地戴假发。其实选择一个质量好、看起来很自然的假发也是很好的。

16.Hiding hair loss
掩藏毛发脱落

Head
One method of hiding hair loss is the "comb over", which involves restyling the remaining hair to cover the balding area. It is usually a temporary solution, useful only while the area of hair loss is small. As the hair loss increases, a comb over becomes less effective.
Another method is to wear a hat or a hairpiece—a wigor toupee. The wig is a layer of artificial or natural hair made to resemble a typical hair style. In most cases the hair is artificial. Wigs vary widely in quality and cost. In the United States, the best wigs—those that look like real hair—cost up to tens of thousands of dollars. Organizations also collect individuals' donations of their own natural hair to be made into wigs for young cancer patients who have lost their hair due to chemotherapy or other cancer treatment in addition to any type of hair loss.
头部
一种办法是改变发型，将 一边的头发梳到另一边头发稀少的地方。这种方法只能短期有效，并且脱发的区域要小。如果继续脱发，面积扩大，那这种办法就没有什么效果了。还有一种办法，那就是戴假发。假发的材料选自于人工的或是自然的毛发，然后根据人的发型进行设计。但大部分的假发还是人工的毛发，假发在质量和成本上相差很大。在美国，最好的假发看起来跟真的一样，价格也高达好几万美元。也有一些人将他们自己的头发捐献给相关的机构，然后这些机构将它们做成假发，给那些年轻的癌症患者。那些癌症患者由于化疗或是癌症治疗的副作用而导致脱发。

Eyebrows
Though not as common as the loss of hair on the head, chemotherapy, hormone imbalance, forms of hair loss, and other factors can also cause loss of hair in the eyebrows. Loss of growth in the outer one third of the eyebrow is often associated with hypothyroidism. Artificial eyebrows are available to replace missing eyebrows or to cover patchy eyebrows. Eyebrow embroidery is another option which involves the use of a blade to add pigment to the eyebrows. This gives a natural 3D look for those who are worried about an artificial look and it lasts for two years. Micropigmentation (permanent makeup tattooing) is also available for those who want the look to be permanent.
眉毛
眉毛处脱发虽然不常见，但像化疗、荷尔蒙失调和一些其他原因也是可能导致眉毛这个地方的毛发脱落。靠眉毛外侧1/3处的没有毛发，最常见的原因是由甲状腺功能减退引起的。目前来说，人工的眉毛已经可以替代那些没有眉毛或是覆盖在不完整的眉毛上。还有一种做法是眉毛刺绣，用一个刀片将眉毛着色。这种方法能够使眉毛有3D立体效果，并且能够持续两年。纹眉法也是一种可行的方法，可以使人的眉毛看起来永久存在。

好头发翻译小组

11.Other
11.其他

•        Air and water pollutants as well as minerals in water and the phototoxic effects of sunlight can cause thinning by aging the scalp skin and damaging hair.
•        空气和水中的污染物包括水中的矿物质以及太阳光中有毒的光线能够引起头皮老化并且头发变薄，同时损害头发。

•        Alopecia areata is an autoimmune disorder also known as "spot baldness" that can result in hair loss ranging from just one location (Alopecia areata monolocularis) to every hair on the entire body (Alopecia areata universalis). Although thought to be caused by hair follicles becoming dormant, what triggers alopecia areata is not known. In most cases the condition corrects itself, but it can also spread to the entire scalp (alopecia totalis) or to the entire body (alopecia universalis).
•        圆秃是一种自身免疫性疾病，也被称为“斑秃”，能够导致全身某一部位的头发全部掉光。尽管斑秃被认为是由于毛囊的休眠造成的，但是具体到底是什么造成了斑秃，还无从得知。在大多数情况下，斑秃可以自愈，但它也可以扩散到整个头皮或整个身体。

•        Localized or diffuse hair loss may also occur in cicatricial alopecia (lupus erythematosus, lichen plano pilaris, folliculitis decalvans, central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia, postmenopausal frontal fibrosing alopecia, etc.). Tumours and skin outgrowths also induce localized baldness (sebaceous nevus, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma).
•        局限性或弥漫性脱发也可能发生在瘢痕性秃发时期（性红斑狼疮，扁平平毛发，脱发性毛囊炎，中央离心瘢痕性秃发，绝经后前额纤维化秃发等等）。肿瘤和皮肤的副产物也会引起局部脱发（皮脂腺痣，基底细胞癌，鳞状细胞癌等）

•        Hypothyroidism (an under-active thyroid) and the side effects of its related medications can cause hair loss, typically frontal, which is particularly associated with thinning of the outer third of the eyebrows (also seen with syphilis).Hyperthyroidism (an over-active thyroid) can also cause hair loss, which is parietal rather than frontal.[21][unreliable medical source?]
•        甲状腺功能减退症 及其相关药物的副作用可导致脱发，甲状腺功能亢进症也可引起脱发，这是顶叶而不是正面的。

•        Temporary loss of hair can occur in areas where sebaceous cysts are present for considerable duration (normally one to several weeks).
•        暂时的脱发可以在皮脂腺囊肿地区发生（通常一至数周）。

•        Congenital triangular alopecia – It is a triangular, or oval in some cases, shaped patch of hair loss in the temple area of the scalp that occurs mostly in young children. The affected area mainly contains vellus hair follicles or no hair follicles at all, but it does not expand. Its causes are unknown, and although it is a permanent condition, it does not have any other effect on the affected individuals.[22]
•        先天性三角型脱发——这是一个三角形的，或在某些情况下，在太阳穴附近开始脱发，主要发生在年轻的孩子身上。受影响的地区主要包括毳毛毛囊或没有毛囊的区域，但不会扩大。它的原因是未知的，虽然它是一个永久性的脱发，它没有对受影响的个人有任何其他影响。

•        Gradual thinning of hair with age is a natural condition known as involutionalalopecia. This is caused by an increasing number of hair follicles switching from the growth, or anagen, phase into a resting phase, or telogen phase, so that remaining hairs become shorter and fewer in number.
•        随着年龄的增长头发自然逐渐变薄的称为更年期脱发。这是由于越来越多的毛囊从增长期或生长期，变为为静息期，或休止期，所以剩下的头发越来越少。

•        An unhealthy scalp environment can play a significant role in hair thinning by contributing to miniaturization or causing damage. Air and water pollutants, environmental toxins, conventional styling products and excessive amounts of sebum have the potential to build up on the scalp. This debris can block hair follicles and cause their deterioration and consequent miniaturization of hair. It can also physically restrict hair growth or damage the hair cuticle, leading to hair that is weakened and easily broken off before its natural lifecycle has ended.
•        一个不健康的头皮环境可以将导致头发变薄逐渐变成的小型化或对头发造成损害。空气和水污染物，环境毒素，传统的造型产品和过量的皮脂有可能积累在头皮上。这些碎片可以阻止毛囊的生长并且导致恶化，头发也随之小型化。它也可以限制身体毛发生长或损害头发，导致头发变弱，在其自然生命周期里容易折断。

Causes of alopecia include:
脱发的原因包括：
•        Alopecia mucinosa
•        Biotinidase deficiency
•        Chronic inflammation
•        Diabetes[23]
•        Hair treatments (chemicals in relaxers, hair straighteners)
•        Lupus erythematosus
•        Pseudopelade of Brocq
•        Telogen effluvium
•        Tufted folliculitis
•        黏蛋白性脱发
•        生物素缺乏症
•        慢性炎症
•        糖尿病
•        头发处理（化学剂，直发器）
•        红斑狼疮
•        瘢痕性脱发
•        休止期脱发
•        簇性毛囊炎

12.Pathophysiology
12.病理生理学

Hair follicle growth occurs in cycles. Each cycle consists of a long growing phase (anagen), a short transitional phase (catagen) and a short resting phase (telogen). At the end of the resting phase, the hair falls out (exogen) and a new hair starts growing in the follicle beginning the cycle again.
毛囊生长具有周期性 。每个周期包括一个漫长的生长期，短的过渡期（退行期）和一个短的休眠期。在休止期结束，头发脱落，一个新的头发开始生长，毛囊的周期开始。

Normally, about 40 (0–78 in men) hairs reach the end of their resting phase each day and fall out.[24] When more than 100 hairs fall out per day, clinical hair loss (telogen effluvium) may occur.[citation needed] A disruption of the growing phase causes abnormal loss of anagen hairs (anagen effluvium).
正常情况下，大约40（男性0-78人）的头发到达休止阶段的结束，然后脱落。当你脱发达到每天一百根的时候，临床上的脱发已经发生。中断的生长期是毛发异常损耗的原因。

13.Diagnosis
     诊断结论

Because they are not usually associated with an increased loss rate, male-pattern and female-pattern hair loss do not generally require testing. If hair loss occurs in a young man with no family history, drug use could be the cause.
因为通常并不会与增加损失率相联系，男性脱发和女性脱发的模式一般不被要求测试。如果脱发发生在一个没有家族病史的年轻人身上，可能是药物使用导致的。

•        The pull test helps to evaluate diffuse scalp hair loss. Gentle traction is exerted on a group of hairs (about 40–60) on three different areas of the scalp. The number of extracted hairs is counted and examined under a microscope. Normally, fewer than three hairs per area should come out with each pull. If more than ten hairs are obtained, the pull test is considered positive.[25]
•        拉力测试 有助于评估弥漫性脱发。轻柔的牵引力是在头皮的三个不同区域上的一组毛发上（约40 - 60）。在显微镜下计数和检查所提取的头发的数目。一般来说，每一个区域的每一次拉力测试掉落的头发应该少于三根。如果获得了超过十根的头发，拉力试验才是有限的。

•        The pluck test is conducted by pulling hair out "by the roots". The root of the plucked hair is examined under a microscope to determine the phase of growth, and is used to diagnose a defect of telogen, anagen, or systemic disease. Telogen hairs have tiny bulbs without sheaths at their roots. Telogen effluvium shows an increased percentage of hairs upon examination. Anagen hairs have sheaths attached to their roots. Anagen effluvium shows a decrease in telogen-phase hairs and an increased number of broken hairs.
•        摘去测试是进行摘取头发的“根”。拔头发的根是在显微镜下检查的，确定增长的阶段，诊断一个休止期，生长期的缺陷，或全身性疾病。休止期的毛发在它们的根部有没有鞘的小泡泡。在毛经检验中休止期脱发显示比例增加。生长期的毛发有鞘依附在它们发根上。生长期脱发导致在休止期毛发减少和断发数增加。

•        Scalp biopsy is used when the diagnosis is unsure; a biopsy allows for differing between scarring and nonscarring forms. Hair samples are taken from areas of inflammation, usually around the border of the bald patch.
•        头皮活检是在诊断不确定时使用；活检允许有不同形式的有无疤痕。头发样本取自炎症区域，通常在秃的边境。

•        Daily hair counts are normally done when the pull test is negative. It is done by counting the number of hairs lost. The hair from the first morning combing or during washing should be counted. The hair is collected in a clear plastic bag for 14 days. The strands are recorded. If the hair count is >100/day, it is considered abnormal except after shampooing, where hair counts will be up to 250 and be normal.[citation needed]
•        当拉力测试的阴性的时候日常的头发数量是正常的。这是通过计数丢失的头发的数目来判断的。从早晨第一次梳理或在洗涤过程中的头发应计算。头发被收集在一个透明塑料袋里14天。数量将被记录。如果头发计数＞100/天，除了洗头这将是不正常的，洗头的时候就算头发的数量将达到250，是正常的

•        Trichoscopy is a noninvasive method of examining hair and scalp. The test may be performed with the use of a handheld dermoscope or a video dermoscope. It allows differential diagnosis of hair loss in most cases.[26]
•        毛发检查 是对头发和头皮无创性的方法。测试可以用手持皮肤镜或视频进行皮肤镜的使用。在大多数情况下，它可以鉴别诊断脱发。

There are two types of identification tests for female pattern baldness: the Ludwig Scale and the Savin Scale. Both track the progress of diffused thinning, which typically begins on the crown of the head behind the hairline, and becomes gradually more pronounced. For male pattern baldness, the Hamilton–Norwood scale tracks the progress of a receding hairline and/or a thinning crown, through to a horseshoe-shaped ring of hair around the head and on to total baldness.
女性的脱发有两类鉴定试验：Ludwig 量表 和 Savin 量表，都是通过头上的发际线跟踪头发变薄的过程，逐渐变得更加明显。男性型秃发的 Hamilton–Norwood量表则是跟踪后退的发际线或者变薄的头顶，通过跟踪马蹄形环的头发的情况。

In almost all cases of thinning, and especially in cases of severe hair loss, it is recommended to seek advice from a doctor or dermatologist. Many types of thinning have an underlying genetic or health-related cause, which a qualified professional will be able to diagnose.
在几乎所有情况下的细化，特别是在严重的脱发情况，建议咨询医生或 皮肤科医师，许多类型的细化有一个基本的遗 或生理上的原因，一个合格的医生就能诊断。

好头发翻译小组

8.Drugs
药物

•        Temporary or permanent hair loss can be caused by several medications, including those for blood pressure problems, diabetes, heart disease and cholesterol.[14] Any that affect the body’s hormone balance can have a pronounced effect: these include the contraceptive pill, hormone replacement therapy, steroids and acne medications.[15]
•        长期脱发或某一段时间内脱发严重的情况都有可能是服用某些药物造成的，如治疗高血压、糖尿病、心脏病、胆固醇等疾病的药物。任何影响人体激素平衡的药都会引起脱发的情况，包括避孕药、补充激素，治疗胆固醇、痤疮此类疾病的药。

•        Some treatments used to cure mycotic infections can cause massive hair loss.[16]
•        一些治疗霉菌感染的药甚至会造成极其严重的脱发情况。

•        Medications (side effects from drugs, including chemotherapy, anabolic steroids, andbirth control pills[17][18])
        药物（一些药物的副作用，例如化疗等。）

9.Trauma
头皮损伤

•        Traction alopecia is most commonly found in people with ponytails or cornrows who pull on their hair with excessive force. In addition, rigorous brushing and heat styling, rough scalp massage can damage the cuticle, the hard outer casing of the hair. This causes individual strands to become weak and break off, reducing overall hair volume.
•        拉扯性掉发在扎马尾辫或编麻花辫用力过度的人群中非常常见，此外，烫发、用力摩擦头皮会破坏因头发形成的坚硬的角质层，使每根头发变得越来越不牢固，最终导致总发量减少。

•        Trichotillomania is the loss of hair caused by compulsive pulling and bending of the hairs. Onset of this disorder tends to begin around the onset of puberty and usually continues through adulthood. Due to the constant extraction of the hair roots, permanent hair loss can occur.
•        喜欢用力拔头发的癖好也是造成头发脱落的原因之一，往往在青春期形成这样的习惯，一直持续到成年期，长期这样拉扯发根会造成永久性的脱发。

•        Traumas such as childbirth, major surgery, poisoning, and severe stress may cause a hair loss condition known as telogen effluvium,[19] in which a large number of hairs enter the resting phase at the same time, causing shedding and subsequent thinning. The condition also presents as a side effect of chemotherapy – while targeting dividing cancer cells, this treatment also affects hair’s growth phase with the result that almost 90% of hairs fall out soon after chemotherapy starts.[20]
•        外部损伤如分娩、大型外科手术、中毒以及高压力可能会造成休止期脱发（大量头发同时进入休止期，造成头发脱落以致稀薄。），这种情况也会出现在化学疗法的副作用中，分开癌细胞的操作会影响头发的生长周期，操作刚刚开始就会造成大约90%的头发脱落。

•        Radiation to the scalp, as when radiotherapy is applied to the head for the treatment of certain cancers there, can cause baldness of the irradiated areas.
•        用放射疗法治疗某种癌症的过程中，当头部接受放射治疗时头皮会遭到辐射，造成受辐射部位头发脱落。

10.Pregnancy
怀孕
Hair loss often follows childbirth without causing baldness. In this situation, the hair is actually thicker during pregnancy due to increased circulating oestrogens. After the baby is born, the oestrogen levels fall back to normal prepregnancy levels, and the additional hair foliage drops out. A similar situation occurs in women taking the fertility-stimulating drug clomiphene.
分娩之后往往伴随着脱发，当然，还不会达到秃顶的程度。实际上，怀孕期间由于雌激素的循环流通，头发会变得浓密，当孩子生下来以后，雌激素的含量会恢复到怀孕前的水平，怀孕间长出的头发也会脱落。女性服用助孕药舒经酚也会产生相同的情况。